Multi-trait automated essay scoring (AES) systems provide a fine-grained evaluation of an essay’s diverse aspects. While they excel in scoring, prior systems fail to explain why specific trait scores are assigned. This lack of transparency leaves instructors and learners unconvinced of the AES outputs, hindering their practical use. To address this, we propose a self-explainable Rationale-Driven Multi-trait automated Essay scoring (RaDME) framework. RaDME leverages the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by distilling them into a smaller yet effective scorer.
@article{do2026radme,title={Teach-to-Reason with Scoring: Self-Explainable Rationale-Driven Multi-Trait Essay Scoring},author={Do, Heejin and Ryu, Sangwon and Lee, Gary Geunbae},journal={Expert Systems with Applications},pages={132119},year={2026},doi={10.1016/j.eswa.2026.132119},}
EACL
Exploring Iterative Controllable Summarization with Large Language Models
Sangwon Ryu, Heejin Do, Daehui Kim, and 5 more authors
In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), 2026
@inproceedings{ryu2026iterative,title={Exploring Iterative Controllable Summarization with Large Language Models},author={Ryu, Sangwon and Do, Heejin and Kim, Daehui and Yu, Hwanjo and Kim, Dongwoo and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary and Ok, Jungseul},booktitle={Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026)},year={2026},}
2025
ACL
Multi-Facet Blending for Faceted Query-by-Example Retrieval
Heejin Do*, Sangwon Ryu*, Jonghwi Kim, and 1 more author
In Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), 2025
@inproceedings{do2025multifacet,title={Multi-Facet Blending for Faceted Query-by-Example Retrieval},author={Do, Heejin and Ryu, Sangwon and Kim, Jonghwi and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)},year={2025},}
EMNLP
Leveraging What’s Overfixed: Post-Correction via LLM Grammatical Error Overcorrection
Taehee Park*, Heejin* Do, and Gary Geunbae Lee
In Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2025), 2025
@inproceedings{park2025overcorrection,title={Leveraging What's Overfixed: Post-Correction via LLM Grammatical Error Overcorrection},author={Park, Taehee and Do, Heejin and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2025)},year={2025},}
NAACL
Towards Prompt Generalization: Grammar-aware Cross-Prompt Automated Essay Scoring
Heejin Do, Taehee Park, Sangwon Ryu, and 1 more author
In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL 2025), 2025
@inproceedings{do2025grammar,title={Towards Prompt Generalization: Grammar-aware Cross-Prompt Automated Essay Scoring},author={Do, Heejin and Park, Taehee and Ryu, Sangwon and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL 2025)},year={2025},}
NAACL
Multimodal Cognitive Reframing Therapy via Multi-hop Psychotherapeutic Reasoning
Subin Kim, Hoonrae Kim, Heejin Do, and 1 more author
In Proceedings of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of ACL (NAACL 2025), 2025
@inproceedings{kim2025cognitive,title={Multimodal Cognitive Reframing Therapy via Multi-hop Psychotherapeutic Reasoning},author={Kim, Subin and Kim, Hoonrae and Do, Heejin and Lee, Gary},booktitle={Proceedings of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of ACL (NAACL 2025)},year={2025},}
NAACL
DyPCL: Dynamic Phoneme-level Contrastive Learning for Dysarthric Speech Recognition
Wonjun Lee, Solee Im, Heejin Do, and 3 more authors
In Proceedings of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of ACL (NAACL 2025), 2025
@inproceedings{lee2025dypcl,title={DyPCL: Dynamic Phoneme-level Contrastive Learning for Dysarthric Speech Recognition},author={Lee, Wonjun and Im, Solee and Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Ok, Jungseul and Lee, Gary},booktitle={Proceedings of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of ACL (NAACL 2025)},year={2025},}
NAACL
Revisiting Early Detection of Sexual Predators via Turn-level Optimization
Jinmyeong An, Sangwon Ryu, Heejin Do, and 3 more authors
In Proceedings of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of ACL (NAACL 2025), 2025
@inproceedings{an2025predator,title={Revisiting Early Detection of Sexual Predators via Turn-level Optimization},author={An, Jinmyeong and Ryu, Sangwon and Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Ok, Jungseul and Lee, Gary},booktitle={Proceedings of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of ACL (NAACL 2025)},year={2025},}
2024
EMNLP
Autoregressive Multi-trait Essay Scoring via Reinforcement Learning with Scoring-aware Multiple Rewards
Heejin Do, Sangwon Ryu, and Gary Geunbae Lee
In Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2024), 2024
@inproceedings{do2024autoregressive,title={Autoregressive Multi-trait Essay Scoring via Reinforcement Learning with Scoring-aware Multiple Rewards},author={Do, Heejin and Ryu, Sangwon and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Proceedings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2024)},year={2024},}
Interspeech
Acoustic Feature Mixup for Balanced Multi-aspect Pronunciation Assessment
@inproceedings{do24_interspeech,title={Acoustic Feature Mixup for Balanced Multi-aspect Pronunciation Assessment},author={Do, Heejin and Lee, Wonjun and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Interspeech 2024},year={2024},pages={312--316},doi={10.21437/Interspeech.2024-2498},}
Interspeech
Key-Element-Informed sLLM Tuning for Document Summarization
Sangwon Ryu*, Heejin Do*, Yunsu Kim, and 2 more authors
@inproceedings{ryu24_interspeech,title={Key-Element-Informed sLLM Tuning for Document Summarization},author={Ryu, Sangwon and Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary Geunbae and Ok, Jungseul},booktitle={Interspeech 2024},year={2024},pages={1940--1944},doi={10.21437/Interspeech.2024-2389},}
ACL
Multi-Dimensional Optimization for Text Summarization via Reinforcement Learning
Sangwon Ryu*, Heejin Do*, Yunsu Kim, and 2 more authors
In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2024), 2024
@inproceedings{ryu-etal-2024-multi,title={Multi-Dimensional Optimization for Text Summarization via Reinforcement Learning},author={Ryu, Sangwon and Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary and Ok, Jungseul},booktitle={Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2024)},year={2024},pages={5858--5871},doi={10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.319},}
AIED
Aspect-based Semantic Textual Similarity for Educational Test Items
Heejin Do and Gary Geunbae Lee
In Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2024), 2024
@inproceedings{do2024aspect,title={Aspect-based Semantic Textual Similarity for Educational Test Items},author={Do, Heejin and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2024)},year={2024},}
EACL
Autoregressive Score Generation for Multi-trait Essay Scoring
Heejin Do, Yunsu Kim, and Gary Geunbae Lee
In Findings of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2024), 2024
@inproceedings{do2024autoregressive_score,title={Autoregressive Score Generation for Multi-trait Essay Scoring},author={Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Findings of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2024)},year={2024},}
2023
Interspeech
Score-Balanced Loss for Multi-Aspect Pronunciation Assessment
@inproceedings{do2023score,title={Score-Balanced Loss for Multi-Aspect Pronunciation Assessment},author={Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Proceedings of Interspeech 2023},year={2023},}
ACL
Prompt- and Trait Relation-aware Cross-prompt Essay Trait Scoring
Heejin Do, Yunsu Kim, and Gary Geunbae Lee
In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2023), 2023
@inproceedings{do2023prompt,title={Prompt- and Trait Relation-aware Cross-prompt Essay Trait Scoring},author={Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2023)},year={2023},}
ICASSP
Hierarchical Pronunciation Assessment with Multi-Aspect Attention
Heejin Do, Yunsu Kim, and Gary Geunbae Lee
In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2023), 2023
@inproceedings{do2023hierarchical,title={Hierarchical Pronunciation Assessment with Multi-Aspect Attention},author={Do, Heejin and Kim, Yunsu and Lee, Gary Geunbae},booktitle={IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2023)},year={2023},}
2022
TALLIP
Target-Oriented Knowledge Distillation with Language-Family-Based Grouping for Multilingual NMT
Heejin Do and Gary Geunbae Lee
ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing, 2022
@article{do2022target,title={Target-Oriented Knowledge Distillation with Language-Family-Based Grouping for Multilingual NMT},author={Do, Heejin and Lee, Gary Geunbae},journal={ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing},year={2022},}